However, media other than the Internet have been equally crucial in the spread of the Salafi movement. A number of studies on Salafism in Indonesia have focused on modern media usage by Salafis. 3 They successfully spread their dakwah (Islamic proselytization) by, among other things, extensively using modern technological media like television, radio, books, magazines, and the Internet. 3 I will explain about these groups in the next section.ġ One important phenomenon which has captured the public attention in post-New Order Indonesia is the public prominence of Salafi groups.In particular, this held to be true in the Arabian provinces of the Ottoman Empire and the Arabian national states which arose out of the empire after the First World War.For many people living in the poorer Islamic countries of today, especially those without natural resources like, the madrasa system, privately sponsored by foreign aid and not or insufficiently controlled by the state, often constitutes their only access to some form of education and social rise. Whenever the state failed to control the resources of the madrasas, e.g., by controlling the income from religious endowments, or collecting Muslim taxes on behalf of the clergy, the ulama also retained the independence of their teaching. Traditional madrasas, representing merely decentralised 'places of learning' and not institutions comparable to Western universities, often remained beyond state control. Whenever Islamic national governments tried to influence their regional ulama, they did so by controlling their income, or by establishing state-controlled schools and high schools. The traditional way of education and training relied largely on personal relationships between a teacher and his students. Quran studies class in the in LahoreIslam, unlike Christianity, does not know a centralised process of of its clergy.

In his works (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), Mizan al-'amal (Criterion of Action) and (The Alchemy of Happiness), he refuted the, and demonstrated that the Aristotelian ethics is incompatible with Islamic ethics: The latter is based on the belief in God and in life after death, which together provide the foundation of action in the pursuit of (Happiness). As exemplified by the works of (854–925 AD), during later times, philosophy 'was carried on as a private activity, largely by medical men, pursued with discretion, and often met with suspicion'.The founder of Islamic philosophical ethics is (932–1030 AD) He combined Aristotelian and Islamic ethics, explicitly mentioning the Nicomachean Ethics and its interpretation by as the foundation of his philosophical thoughts.In the 12th century, the early Islamic which had developed out of was effectively criticised by, one of the most influential scholars of Islam. The distinction between a scholarly elite and the less educated masses 'was to become a commonplace of Islamic thought'. However, according to Hourani, al-Farabi also wrote that philosophy in its pure form was reserved for an intellectual elite, and that ordinary people should rely for guidance on the sharia. In general, the Islamic philosophers saw no contradiction between philosophy and the religion of Islam.

Biografi 60 ulama salaf